Analytical reading Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Analytical reading - Essay Example Huang argues that Pomeranz and other scholars who write about the Chinese and European economies do from the point of view of their own countries and not from the point of view of the region in question. This is known as a lack of ethnocentricity in political science. What this means is that the political scientists resort to bias in favor of their own regions and also lack what is known as perceiving the world through the eyes of the inhabitants who are specific to the region in question. This apparent blindness towards the subject area is the lack of ethnocentric bias and this means that the scholars do not judge the subject material from the point of view of the subjects themselves. Huang is even handed when he points out studies by Chinese scholars fare no better when it comes to discourse on the European region and hence it is by no means settled that there is anything specific about claims made by both European and Chinese scholars. Hence, the criticism that Huang levels at Pomeranz is borne out by the lack of objectivity in Pomeranz’s analysis about the Chinese economy in the 18th century. Huang and Pomeranz contrast the differing ways in which the Chinese and European peasants went about their occupations by listing the differences that range from simple dietary practices to differences in clothing and other facets of agrarian life. Pomeranz quotes extensively from the data on the food habits of the peasants that include their calorie intake and other parameters that proved the premise that the Chinese were no worse when it came to food intake than their European counterparts. He further compares the non-grain intake with the consumption of meat and comes to the premise that the Chinese fared badly on this count due to the fact that they were pastoral in nature as compared to the meat eating Europeans. Whereas Huang

The Mixed Economy of Egypt

The Mixed Economy of Egypt Egypt Egypt, like many other states, has a mixed economy (El-Askhar, p. 101).[1] A mixed economy is an economic system that upholds both public and private sectors in the selected state (Ignacy, p.16).[2] The concept in which the economic system in Egypt is mixed can be subdivided into two parts. The first one which is a common phenomenon is the participation of both government and private capital in the countries business. The second, who is not applied in most worldwide economies, is the application of both Islamic and non-Islamic sculpts into the business province (El-Askhar, p. 101).1 There are cultural aspects that shape the economic system in a unique mix. The socialistic, capitalistic and the Muslim fundamentalism elements all shape the Egyptian society. The socialism that was prevalent in the 1950s has faded away considerably; Sadats â€Å"open door† policies have opened up the doors to true capitalism and drifted slowly away from Nassers socialism (El-Askhar, p. 102).1 The policy increased the private sectors as opposed to the government sectors considerably, and has brought with it foreign enterprises. The financial sect of the state was no longer exclusive to the government, but has included privately owned Egyptian and non-Egyptian banks. The number of banks has increased from a mere seven to ninety-nine banks from between the 1960s to 1984. The state controlled sectors still existed, but the increase of private sectors merely happened from the broadening and widening of their base. They have been accountable for other varied sectors in the economy as shown in this (El-Askhar, p. 103).1 Nasser introduced an agrarian reform that was widely controversial. Egypt in the 1960s was an oligarchic country where landless or people with little land had financial insecurity. The reform redistributed 12% of the countries land. The purpose was to give those people land for the first time in the countrys history. But the wealthy people with large amounts of property were seriously severed. Estates bigger than 190 acres disappeared and individuals were limited to owning a cap of 100 acres of land property. The reform was also aiming to drain the surplus from agriculture land into urban growth and industrialization (Bush, p.1601)[3]. Egypts GDP distribution of land.bmp almost doubled between 1963 and 1970, schools were built at an average of one school per day and the number of people receiving free education rose from 1.3 to 3.4 million. Since the agricultural sector was very poor, this market liberalization strategized a US farm-type model with an agricultural driven capital and export-led growth (Bush p.1064)3. According to the World Bank, â€Å"the agricultural sector is now a fully private sector, operating in a market and export-oriented economy† (World Bank).[4] Egypt has the second largest economy in the Middle East. It has amassed large sectors in the clockworks of its economy, the largest of which is the service sector. The service sector is the fastest growing sector and is responsible for nearly 51 percent of the countrys total GDP. The main constituents of the service sector are banking, trade, tourism and the Suez Canal shipping service. Industry follows as Egypts second largest sector by accounting 32 percent of the total GDP, the rapid growth of this sector has happened thanks to the governments efforts in privatization. Although the public sector accounts for 86 percent of the countrys industry, it has only made 15.4 billion/L.E as opposed to the private sectors 99.7 billion/L.E. The agricultural sector accounts for 14.8 percent of the total GDP and has steadily decreased since the industrial boom in the 1990s (Egypt in the†¦, p.65).[5] As far as the overall GDP growth stands, the private sectors have contributed to more than two-thirds of the total GDP income as opposed to the public ones (Economic Review, p.2).[6] There are about 24.6 million laborers in Egypt; however there is an unemployment rate of about 8.7 percent as of 2009. Of these 24.6 million, 51 percent of them work in the services sector, 17 percent work in the industrial sector and 32 percent work in the agricultural sector. Employment grew at a rate of an average 1.744 percent in the last two decades; sectors mostly responsible for this growth are the industrial, constructional and servicer parts of the economy (Ikram, p.236).[7] Official statistics said that the number of the unemployed in Egypt rose from 112.535 in 1950 to 5 millions in early 2004, meaning that the number of the unemployed increased at a rate of 4000% in the last 54 years, in case of these statistics is authentic. If the successive governments were serious in confronting unemployment, the unemployed rate would not have risen from 1.2% in 1950 to reach 3.4% in 1970, 7.10% in 1986, 11.1% in 1990 and 13% in 2004. The current unemployment rate in Egypt meant that i t exceeded limits, as economic studies agreed that the safe rate of the unemployment in any society should range at 4.3%only (Ikram p.237).7 Egypt produces a wide variety of agricultural products; the animal resources it produces are mainly goats, sheep and cattle, while the planetary resources consist of a wide range of vegetables and fruits, as well as beans, wheat, corn, rice and most importantly cotton. The industrial commodities are a wide range of metals, cement, construction services, hydrocarbons, food processing, pharmaceuticals, and textiles (Ikram, p.96).[8] Egypt has the largest market in the Middle East and the Arab world with a population of 83,000,000. It has a lot of growth potential and financial stability with a stable banking sector and a currency that stood quite well during the financial crisis. The real GDP growth rate has been almost always on the rise since the 1970s, and according to the Economist Intelligence Unit, the GDP growth of Egypt has dropped slightly but still a huge improvement over the rest of the Middle East, or the rest of the world which since the crisis have taken the turn for the worse.[9] Poverty has always been the main problem for developing countries. Poverty is globally measured with a number of things, mainly the consumption of edible and non-edible material, the value of the housing asset, income, expenditure on fuel, schools, clothing and other miscellaneous objects. From these statistics a poverty line is drawn under the WHO standards and is given to every country to measure the population under this poverty line. In 1997, there were 15.7 million Egyptians living in poverty, or 26.5 percent. It has slightly dropped in 2005 to be approximately 20 percent of the total population which is still absurdly high (Datt, p.208).[10] Lets take the 1990s poverty trend as an example. The urban versus the rural poverty trends are quite interesting, although the number of poor people has definitely increased, the Rural parts of Egypt have decreased as opposed to the major increase in the Urban areas. This could be explained by the following method, the higher unemployment rate in the urban as opposed to the rural which started from the decrease of the agricultural sector and the rise of the industrial one in the rural and urban parts respectively (p.62).[11] Concerning poverty, The World Bank report in 2001 indicated that 52% of the Egyptians were living with less than two dollars daily (p.63).11 Egypts legal system is found on two different grounds, civil and Islamic law concepts with some Western and European influences of law. The system is a bit complex and sometimes bureaucratic and thus ineffective. While the current administration is aware of the importance of foreign and non-foreign investments, this will be an issue if a lesser business friendly government comes to power. The court consists of three levels, a summary and a primary appeal, and the cassation court, besides those are another system of courts that deal with special cases such as the administrative court and the Supreme Constitutional court. The delays somewhat of the commercial cases take a long while to conclude, taking nearly five years. The unresponsive commercial court is a disadvantage to the foreign investors and the whole private sector. The legal system provides moderate protection for property, although buying real estate can be lengthy, confusing and highly complex. Hernando de Soto calculated that in the year 2000, the process in which one wishes to register a piece of desert land takes between 6 to 14 years to complete. However, the government has taken procedures to encourage private investment. By reducing the costs of property registration from 12 percent of the value of the bought property to 3 percent, and introducing a flat fee of only 1,000 LE per contract, it is focusing on a private reform process. There is no restriction to foreigners owning a non-agricultural real estate. Foreigners have the right to establish private investments in the country and engage in the economy (p.39)[12] Corruption in the low-level is widespread in Egypt. Egypt has scored an unimpressive 2.8 out of 10 in the Transparency Internationals 2008 Corruption Perceptions Index setting it number 115 in the corruption/country ranking. Although there are no reports of this corruption affecting foreign investors, it has significantly affected local private sectors. During Mubaraks ruling, the development rate dropped 2% currently against 4.6% two years ago. Depression dominated the Egyptian markets while citizens purchase ability decreased. The interest rate problem led to the retreat of the Egyptian pound against the dollar. Competition increased between local products and those imported ones in addition to the few foreign investments in the country. The UNCTAD report on the international investment reported that the foreign investment decreased in Egypt from $600 million to only $200 millions. Egypt was one of the most developing countries that were able to attract investment in the 1980s.[13 ] According to the BMI, â€Å"Egypt faces substantial challenges over the coming decade, but as long as the prevailing economic policies remain broadly in place, the future looks bright† (p.24)[14]. Since the government of Ahmed Nazif, the outlook of the Egyptian economy is improving from its former state. The administration of Nazif has lowered taxes, made foreign investments easier and improved the business environment overall. Egypt will get boosted by the energy sector in particular, although the oil exportation wont last long, Natural gas production is the main aim to be the countrys leading energy export. Analysts suggest that production will rise from 55bcm to 106bcm in 2019. The government is currently targeting 1,295bn worth of investment of which only 15% will be state-controlled investments while the rest is up to the private and foreign investors. And according to the privatization reforms, it doesnt seem to be a hard target to hit (p.25).14 Not only that, but the GDP per capita, which is a very good sign of the countrys economy, is approximated to double becoming 5,538 USD by 2018. The Egyptian government continues to look broadly pro-business, although this is yet to reduce poverty levels, and the un-amusing perceptions of corruption, it will continue to make some of its policies unpopular. However, if Gamal Mubarak and the technocrat government he reportedly supports remain in place, then the private sector and banking system should continue to flourish (p.2).[15] [1] El Ashkar, Ahmed. The Islamic business enterprise. Taylor Francis, 1987. [2] Ignacy Sachs, â€Å"International journal of political economy† vol. 38, no. no. 3 (Fall 2009): 5-21. [3] Bush, Ray. Politics, Power and Poverty: twenty years of agricultural reform and market liberalization in Egypt. Third World Quarterly, Vol. 28, No. 8, 2007, pp 1599 1615. [4] World Bank, Arab Republic of Egypt Toward Agricultural Competitiveness in the 21st Century. [5] Egypt in the global economy: strategic choices for savings, investments, and long-term growth. The World Bank, 1998. [6] Economic Review. Vol. 49. 3. Central Bank of Egypt, 2008. [7] Ikram, Khalid. The Egyptian Economy, 1952-2000: Performance, Policies, and Issues. Vol. 1. Illustrated. Routledge. [8] Ikram, Khalid. The Egyptian Economy: Performance, Policies, and Issues. Vol. 1. Illustrated. Routledge. [9] Montly report April 2009. The Economist Intelligence Unit Limited. www.eiu.com. [10] Datt, Gaurav. A profile of povery in Egypt. African Development Bank 2001, Blackwell Publishers. [11] Egypts Social and Structural Review, Document of the World Bank June 2001. [12] Chapter 5: Business Environment, Business Monitor International Ltd Egypt Q3 2009. [13] Kligaard, R. 1998. International cooperation against corruption Finance and Development [14] Chapter 3: Business Forecast, Business Monitor International Ltd Egypt Q3 2009. [15] Financial Reforms Continue to boost growth. Middle east monitor October 2009.

Essay examples --

1. Describe the difference between public law and private law, including the difference between criminal law and tort law. The difference between public law and private law is that each govern two different types of individuals. Public law deals with citizens, companies, and state issues. Private law deals with contracts and obligations. This is the main difference between these two laws, but they also differentiate in the laws they obtain. For example public law has constitutional law, administrative law and criminal law. As for private law has civil law which includes contract law, law of torts and property law. Criminal law is the how the criminal is going to be punished, with either a fine of a certain amount or jail time. Tort law is similar in punishment to the criminal, but the punishment is payment to the person who was injured in the crime for injuries and damages that may have occurred. 2. List the reasons people commit crimes, and why they do not. People commit crimes because it is a choice they make, but all their choices come with an reason and motive. They may commit a crime because of their own personal self-interest and based on how they will avoid getting caught. The environment they live in may cause interest in committing crimes also. There are people who get tired of getting stepped on and never seem to achieve society’s expectations; therefore they do crime to obtain a self-rewarding achievement. Being poor and not having money to provide for themselves or their families may cause a moment of stress leading that person to steal money. The reason why a lot of people do not commit crimes is because they are satisfied with the life they live in. For example life may not be one hundred percent great, but they... ...eing arbitrary and oppressive over them. 6. Discuss the meaning of the phrase â€Å"nulla poena sine lege.† Nulla poena sine lege refers to the meaning that no one should be punished for doing something that the law does not prohibit. There are four types of nulla poena sine lege which are: praevia, scripta, certa and stricta. Praevia states that there should not be any punishment without previous law. Scripta states that there should not be no punishment without any written law. Certa states that there should be no punishment without a definite law, meaning that the punishment must be defined first. Stricta states that there should be no punishment without the strict law. Nulla poena sine lege helps by protecting those who could be convicted and punished when no laws exists. It also helps by preventing the creation of new laws to punish for past action and behaviors.

History Of The Cuban Missile Crisis History Essay

The Bay of Pigs was the operation that was designed as any agencies of subverting the authorities without uncovering that the United States engagement in the operation. The program was originally called for the gradual build-up of anti-Castro forces within Cuba into a political and military motion. However the programs rapidly changed into a all-out invasion, with the budget spread outing from $ 4 million good over to $ 46 million and the CIA preparation and providing anti-Castro Cuban expatriates to Cuba. In 1956 Fidel Castro led a Guerrilla Force in a rebellion against the authorities place of Fulgencio Batista. During the old ages in 1959 Batista fled the state, and Castro so became leader of Cuba ‘s new radical government. Castro made credence of these atomic missiles from the Soviet Union which so led to the Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962. Anterior towards this revolution the United States had a important influence in Cuba ‘s economic and political personal businesss, But Castro ‘s new authorities refused to be influenced by the United States. The United States grew in fright that Castro would set up a new communism government in Cuba, so the United States applied economic force per unit area and in 1960 an trade stoppage that cut off trade between the United States and Cuba. In an attempt to destruct Castro ‘s authorities, the United States trained and armed a anti-Castro Cuban exiles populating in the United States. These expatriates invaded Cuba in 1961, with a landing at the Bay of Pigs. Castro ‘s ground forces easy defeated the expatriates. His triumph during the Bay of Pigs invasion strengthened Castro ‘s control over Cuba. During this most Cubans resented the United States intercession in Cuban dealingss and they railed behind Castro, who declared that Cuba was a Communist state. The Cuban Missile Crisis marked the point at which the Cold War began to dissolve. The Cuban Missile Crisis ( known as The October Crisis in Cuba ) was a confrontation between the Soviet Union, Cuba and the United States in October 1962, during the Cold War. In September 1962, the Cuban and Soviet authoritiess began to sneakily construct bases in Cuba for a figure of medium- and intermediate-range ballistic atomic missiles ( MRBMs and IRBMs ) with the ability to strike most of the Continental United States. This action followed the 1958 deployment of Thor IRBMs in the UK and Jupiter IRBMs to Italy and Turkey in 1961 – more than 100 U.S.-built missiles holding the capableness to strike Moscow with atomic payloads. On October 14, 1962, a United States U-2 photoreconnaissance plane captured photographic cogent evidence of Soviet missile bases under building in Cuba. The resulting crisis ranks with the Berlin Blockade as one of the major confrontations of the Cold War and is by an d large regarded as the minute in which the Cold War came closest to turning into a atomic struggle. [ 1 ] The United States considered assailing Cuba via air and sea and settled on a military â€Å" quarantine † of Cuba. The U.S. announced that it would non allow violative arms to be delivered to Cuba and demanded that the Soviets dismantle the missile bases already under building or completed in Cuba and take all violative arms. The Kennedy disposal held a slender hope that the Kremlin would hold to their demands, and expected a military confrontation. On the Soviet terminal, Nikita Khrushchev wrote in a missive to Kennedy that his quarantine of â€Å" pilotage in international Waterss and air infinite to represent an act of aggression impeling world into the abysm of a universe nuclear-missile war. † from the Cuban Missile Crisis, peculiarly after Khrushchev was relieved of his place as leader, there was a conjunct attempt on both parts for weaponries control, ensuing in the sign language of many bilateral understandings. the Cuban Missile Crisis highlighted the importance of a clear and direct system of communicating between Moscow and Washington. During the crisis, the two leaders communicated with each other through missive authorship, which proved to be a really slow signifier of communicating, peculiarly in such a tense clip. So, in 1963, an understanding was reached, the Hot-line Treaty, ab initio utilizing teletype, telegraph and radio-telegraph communicating links. Of class with the development of new engineerings, these communicating links have been upgraded. At the recent fortieth anniversary conference on the Cuban Missile Crisis, it was noted that â€Å" the lessons learned from the missile crisis might help those of us who are interested in cut downing the hazard of atomic calamity in the twenty-first century † . In decision, a the major ground that a military struggle was averted was the cooperation between Kennedy and Khrushchev and their committedness to peace. Neither was willing to pay war, specially non Russia since their missile bases in Cuba were unfinished. Kchruschev would non hold been willing to support Cuba from American invasion anyhow, suppose a war did interrupt out. Many things could hold changed the class of the crisis to the point of catastrophe: if Kennedy had chosen to utilize air work stoppages, if Russia had crossed the quarantine line, if Kchruschev did n't hold to peace, if the missile bases had been finished. Fortunately these things were n't, and the universe was saved from a potentially ruinous atomic war.

A day without a mexican Essay

With the signing of the Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo on February 2, 1848, the border dividing the Mexican people was formed. The Mexican border means various things to different people. To date, 600 miles of border wall has already been built. This wall would extend from California, to El Paso, to the valley. The first reason given by the government for construction of the wall was to prevent terrorist attacks, the next was to keep illegal Mexicans out, and the most current one is to combat the drug smuggling into the United States. For some Mexicans and Mexican Americans, the border poses threats, and for others, it establishes possibilities for oneself and one’s family. The border industrialization program, which began the 1970s, increased significantly from its previous conditions. Migration to border towns became highly prevalent. Border cities led to population growth and, simultaneously, high unemployment rates. In reaction, government officials started the maquilladora program. Maquillas (from the Spanish maquillar, ‘to make up’) are the giant sweatshops of the global economy, where armies of poor women are put to work to assemble goods for export. See more: Unemployment – problems and solutions essay The supply of women is so great that these women are treated with no value. Border industrialization began to rise and power companies such as Samsung and RCA, as evident in the movie, Maquilapolis (2006) by Vicky Funari and Sergio de la Torre, by always having lines of women ready and willing to work. Mexican government officials viewed the Maquiladora Program in a positive light, claiming it to be â€Å"an integral part of Mexico’s strategy for development. †[1] The movie depicts the maquiladora workers in Tijuana, Mexico to balance life working in these factories with their struggle for justice in the system that governs their place of work. This reiterates how machismo affected gender relations in Mexico and how woman are devalued. These maquiladoras are good because of the labor they give to Mexican citizens. However, it’s not fair for the low wages and cruelties taken on by the employees in these factories. Unsanitary and dangerous factory conditions pose threats to these women’s lives each day. The women are looking for the means of life and survival. They face jobless times, so they are forced to find jobs in labor. Despite the conditions these women have been subjected to, they still continue to remain hopeful. Senorita Extraviada (2001) is a documentary by Lourdes Portillo about the hundreds of unsolved murders of young women that have occurred over the past 10 years in Juarez, Mexico—the Mexican border city across the Rio Grande from El Paso. The Coalition of non-government organizations (NGOs) for Women (1994-2000) was created by female activists; their main aim behind the coalition was to change the cultural, economic, and political context of gendered violence in the city. This coalition organized events such as marches, press conferences, and domestic and international press was prevalent. There were many challenges against this coalition: it was the city’s first ever cross-class women’s political organization and the city’s first feminist-oriented political coalition. An external attack began to form on the Coalition. Many â€Å"elite† political and economic leaders argued that the violence was â€Å"normal† for Juarez. They argued that many of these women knew what they were doing—living the â€Å"doble vida† (double life) as factory workers during the day and prostitutes by night. Many asserted it was a recycled discourse of female trouble. The notion of these â€Å"public women† mimicked the negative talk surrounding the prostitutes as women who â€Å"contaminated† all associated with her from family, community, and nation. A â€Å"public woman† was regarded as an illegitimate citizen. Government authorities used this as a way to dismiss the influx of crimes and blame the women for the surge of violence in Juarez. Alejandro Lugo presents an analysis of the social dimensions along the border from color hierarchies to the notions of borderlands. He suggests that border crossings are â€Å"constituted by ‘inspection stations’ which inspect, monitor, and survey what goes in and out in the name of class, race, and nation. †[2] He asserts that the term ‘border crossings’ has become an exceedingly hopeful phrase. Lugo further claims that people are, indeed, afraid to cross these borders. There are a few reasons for that. Those who have legal residence in the U. S. , who are light-skinned, and those who speak English, cross borders without much concern. However, those are not American citizens, who are dark-skinned, and who don’t speak English face tough circumstances. As Lugo suggests, â€Å"while borderlands implies multiple sides, ‘border’ implies two sides. †[3] The division between the United States and Mexico is ever-present, separating those who are residents and those who aspire to live the American dream to better themselves and their family. Violence is being exercised against Mexicans at border crossings. The Border Patrol continues to isolate those who do not have legal residence and force these Mexicans back to where they supposedly ‘belong. ’ There is no in-between. As described by Lugo, many Border Patrol agents possess no acceptance for uncertainty. You must prove you belong or you’re forced back to the other side. This border symbolizes such positive things for many hopefuls seeking freedom, work, opportunity, however, at the same time, is a complete, unwelcoming division. Color hierarchies exhibit this discrimination against many dark-skinned Mexicans who are forced out of the U. S. by their own Mexican American people along the border. The border transforms itself. As evident of this border transformation is the drug smuggling. In a recent article, â€Å"Drug smugglers from Mexico move into NM town,† the border town of Columbus, NM has seen an influx of fancy cars with nice rims and a boom in the housing market. Many of these drug smugglers have fled from Palomas, Mexico where the Mexican army had previously been stationed. According to some residents, such as Maria Gutierrez, â€Å"The problem is in Palomas. It’s serene here†[4] Many have refused to come to terms that crime is starting to flood their town. This also alludes to the border transformation—not just a sign of hope to those who seek to cross it, but, now, a means of making big money for some. The Columbus police department has faced its share of â€Å"bad† cops within the force, yet the new appointment of police chief, Angelo Vega, is meant to restructure things within the town. However, even some residents believe that it would be impossible for this town to survive without illegal money flowing in. Not only is violence witnessed between Mexicans and Mexican Americans, but also amongst Caucasians. Racial injustice continues to exist to this day. Similar to the story of Esequiel Hernandez, the 18-year-old U. S. high school student killed on May 20, 1997 by Marines along the US–Mexico border in Redford, Texas, Luis Ramirez was recently murdered by two Anglo males in Pennsylvania. Ramirez, a 25-year-old illegal Mexican immigrant, was assaulted by â€Å"a gang of drunken white teenagers motivated by a dislike of the growing Hispanic population in their small coal town of Shenandoah. †[5] Both the Marines and the two men accused of this crime were acquitted of all charges. These types of racial tensions exhibit the racial hierarchies in society. Many guilty people can be set free just because of the color of their skin. In contrast, the story of the maquilladora program, the surge of violence along the border, gender relations, the influx of drug trading, and prevalence of racial tensions and color hierarchies amongst Mexicans and Mexican Americans all illustrate the dangers that face the border. These combinations of problems all make up the transformation of the border within the past several decades. It truly depicts the war of the frontiers. Many residents along the border, as in the town of Columbus are fighting to keep their town as it was by trying to rid the drug trafficking. Many Mexican Americans want a better life for their family, as well as, to not be treated inferiorly by their own people because of the color of their skin. As put by Salman Rushdie, â€Å"By crossing those frontiers, conquering those terrors and reaching their goal, they themselves were now what they were looking for. They had become the god they sought. †[6] For many this â€Å"god,† is the crossing at the border. For some, it leads to a life filled with promises and opportunities, and for others, false hopes and empty promises at their homeland are ever changing. The war of frontiers will continue to exist until the government does more to change how things are run along the controversial border. ———————– [1] Maria Patricia Fernandez-Kelly, â€Å"Chapter 2,† in For We are Sold, I and My People: Women and Industry in Mexico’s Frontier, (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1983), 35. [2] Alejandro Lugo, â€Å"Theorizing Border inspections,† Cultural Dynamics 12:3 (2000), 355. [3] Lugo, 359. [4] Alicia Caldwell, † Drug smugglers from Mexico move into NM town,† Austin American-Statesman, May 1, 2009, http://www. statesman. com/search/content/shared-gen/ap/National/US_Drug_Smugglers_Town. html, accessed on May 1, 2009. [5] Michael Rubinkam, † Luis Ramirez Killers Found Not Guilty After Beating Mexican Immigrant To Death,† Huffington Post, May 2, 2009, http://www. huffingtonpost. com/2009/05/04/luis-ramirez-killers-foun_n_195535. html, accessed on May 4, 2009. [6] Salman Rushdie, â€Å"Step Across This Line,† in Step Across This Line: Collected Nonfiction, 1992-2002, (New York: The Modern Library, 2002), 351.

The Toledo War essays

The Toledo War essays The Toledo War could possibly be called the most bizarre war in American History. Fought in 1835, it resulted in one casualty, quite a bit of bickering between grown men and a lot of territory changing hands. The Northwest Ordinance of 1787 sparked the controversy over Toledo. It established a boundary between the Michigan and Ohio Territories that was to start at the southern tip of Lake Michigan and go east until it met Lake Erie. This dividing line worked well until 1805 when surveyors discovered that the boundary was actually a few miles too far north and should actually include the area known as Toledo. The gap between the boundary lines recognized by Ohio and Michigan became known as the Toledo Strip. The Ohioans in Congress immediately campaigned to have the northern line accepted as the true border, however their quick action did not save the battle for the Toledo Strip from being long and drawn out. In 1817 Edward Tiffin, the United States Surveyor General and former governor of Ohio, sent a man named William Harris to survey the line according to what was written in Ohios constitution. In turn the governor of the Michigan Territory, Lewis Cass, called upon President Monroe to protest Harris boundaries. In 1818 a neutral third party was appointed to make another survey of the land and call it in accordance with the Northwest Ordinance. The survey determined that the strip of land was the rightful property of the Michigan Territory; however Ohio paid no attention to it and claimed the area, which included the mouth of the Maumee River, as part of their territory. The argument softly rankled for the next 15 years until 1833 when Michigan applied for statehood and the issue was brought to the surface once again. Negotiations between Michigan and Ohio governors proved fruitless and a compromise could not be reached. In 1835 Stephens T. Mason, the 21 year old boy ...

The Existence of Audit Expectation Gap Essays

The Existence of Audit Expectation Gap Essays The Existence of Audit Expectation Gap Essay The Existence of Audit Expectation Gap Essay The study investigates the existence of audit expectation gap in relation to society’s unreasonable expectations out of auditing in Bangladesh. This also identified the effects of auditing knowledge on the gap. Among all the classes of our society the accounting graduates are expected to have more knowledge on auditing, who represented 60% proxy of the users.For the purpose of the study, the four groups who are chosen as sample users are: (1) General investors (naive) (2) Students not completing any audit course (3) Students completing two (2) courses (Audits III) (IV) Articled students either level I or level II. The questionnaire comprised of two parts, were sent regarding three aspects: audit liability, audit reliability and materiality of audit opinion. It is found that the respondent who are closer to auditing concepts expect reasonably out of the auditors than the others. The knowledge in the respective fields affected the expectations both positi vely and negatively.Keywords: Expectation gap; audit liability; audit reliability; materiality of audit opinion; audit knowledge. Introduction: â€Å"Auditing is the accumulation and evaluation of evidence about information to determine and report on the degree of correspondence between the information and established criteria: Auditing should be done by a competent and independent third person† (Arens and Loebbecke 1988). The auditor in an audit opinion, certifies that the financial statements represent a true and fair view and are prepared in accordance with GAAP (Generally Accepted Accounting Principle) followed by the industry.The collapse of Lehman Brothers, an American bank with $691 billion in 15th September of 2008 along with subsequent bankruptcy of Washington Mutual Bank [$327. 9 billion] in September 26, 2008; General Motor [$91 billion] and CIT Group [$71 billion] in 2009 put the auditing profession and auditing itself into a severe challenge. Auditors’ pru dent person concept or underperformance of the auditors and society’s over expectation individually or simultaneously result into audit expectation gap. Objectives of the Study Regarding Perpetual Expectation Gap: Expectation Gap was termed by Liggio in 1974 for the first time.Since then it is the significant differences regarding perceived materiality level between auditors and users of financial statements. The AICPA acknowledged the fact that -‘after considerable study of available evidence’ that ‘such a gap does exist’ (Cohen commission Report, AICPA 1978). From the subsequent definition provided by Arrington et al (1983), Monroe and Woodcliff 1993, the two major component was identified by Porter (1983 and 1993): (i)’reasonableness gap’ and (ii)’performance gap’.Reasonableness gap is the difference between what the society does expect the auditors to achieve and what they can reasonably expect to accomplish. Thus poin t of unreasonable expectation comes. Performance gap is the difference between the responsibilities society reasonably expects out of audit and auditors’ performance. These gap widens as the role of audit increases. Now this study proceeds to answer the questions- who are the users feeling their expectations are not met and are those expectations reasonable in Bangladesh perspective? The study further tended to discover the impact of audit knowledge in reducing or increasing the gap.It is evident that more knowledgeable the users the closer gap. Reasonably naive investors are expected to seek more from audit report. Literature Review: From the birth of expectation gap, several studies have been conducted by the concerned specialists around the world. The findings were also centered to perpetual expectation gap however this was wider in some cases. In 1977, Baron et al investigated the differences in perceptions between auditors users of financial statement regarding auditorà ¢â‚¬â„¢s fraud detection duties revealed significant differences.In 1988, low et al conducted a study on audit expectation gap found difference in the area of fraud prevention, guaranteeing the accuracy of the financial statements, effective use of government funds management efficiency. In1992 1993, Humphery et al conducted a study regarding auditors’ role through a series of unstructured interviews, questionnaires mini case studies revealed insignificant differences audit functions but significant differences in regard to role of auditors.In June 2004, Javed Siddiqui Taslima Nasreen conducted a study â€Å"Audit expectation gap in Bangladesh: Perceptual differences between Accounting professionals students† and found a significant audit expectation gap. (Journal of Business Studies, University of Dhaka) In December 2004 the above specialist along with Al-amin conducted another study named â€Å"The Presence of a Reasonableness Gap? Students’ Perceptio ns Regarding Audit and the Role of Audit Education in Bangladesh† (Journal of Business Studies,Vol. xxv, No. 2, December2004) and concluded somehow differently like –Knowledgeable students expected more unreasonably out of auditing.Methodology of the study: For the purpose of the study, the questionnaire method was applied . The questionnaire method despite its inherent shortcomings chosen appropriate for this study. Here four groups were selected. 20 questionnaires were sent to investors who are in general naive. Similar questionnaires were sent to 10 professionals who are under knowledge or Application level, to 10 students of Dept. of Accounting Information Systems (AIS), University of Dhaka (DU) who have just completed two Audit courses and another 10 questionnaires were sent to students who have no idea under same discipline.The issue of perceptions regarding audit is about measuring attitudes. For the purpose of this study, the seven-point Likert scale was used. P rior studies have used the Likert scale for measuring the audit expectation gap in different countries (for example Schelluch 1996; Best et al 2001 etc. ) The response scale used for this study was- 1. Strongly agree 2. Moderately agree 3. Slightly agree 4. No opinion 5. Slightly disagree 6. Moderately disagree 7. Strongly disagree Strongly agree Strongly disagree 1. An auditor is a watchdog, not a bloodhound. 1234567 2.Auditor is responsible for audit failure, not for audit risk. 1234567 3. Auditor is responsible for detecting all fraud. 1234567 4. Auditing exists only because of legal binding. 1234567 5. The auditor is responsible for soundness in internal control1234567 6. The auditor is liable for maintaining accounting records. 1234567 7. The auditor is unbiased and objective. 1234567 8. Auditor should provide absolute assurance about the material misstatements in financial statements. 1234567 9. The audit report provides assurance about the entity’s future performance. 234567 10. The auditor agrees with the accounting policies of the entity. 1234567 Analysis and Findings: Survey Analysis: Assessment Point-1: â€Å"The auditor is a watchdog, not a bloodhound† ‘Watchdog means a person or a group of people whose job is to check that companies are not doing anything illegal or ignoring people’s rights’ (www. oup. com) Bloodhound means person or group of people who find any inconsistency regarding the concerned areas. The BSAs contain objectives, requirements application and other explanatory material that are designed to support the auditor in obtaining reasonable assurance.The BSAs require that the auditor exercise professional judgment and maintain professional skepticism throughout the planning and performance of the audit among other things: ? Identify and assess risks of material misstatement, whether due to fraud error, based on an understanding of the entity its environment, including the entity’s internal control. ?Obtain sufficient appropriate audit evidence about whether material misstatement exists, through designing and implementing appropriate responses to the assessed risks. From an opinion on the financial statements based on conclusions drawn from the audit evidence obtained. (BSA 200; Para-7) Therefore it is evident that this statement contributes to gap between auditors users of financial statement. Assessment Point-2: The Auditors are responsible for Audit failure, not for audit risk. Audit failure occurs when the auditor issues an erroneous audit opinion as the result of an underlying failure to comply with the requirements of generally accepted auditing standards (GAAS).Audit risk represents the risk that the auditor will conclude that the financial statements are fairly stated and an unqualified opinion can be issued when, in fact, they are materially misstated. Because auditors are able to gather evidence only on a test basis detecting well-concealed frauds can be ex tremely difficult, there is always some risk that the auditor will not uncover a uncover a material fraud even though the auditor complied with GAAS. (Arens Loebbecke) So, the statement affects audit expectations gap. Assessment Point-3: ‘The auditor is responsible for detecting all the fraud’.BSA 200, â€Å"Objective and General Principles Governing and Audit of Financial Statements,† clearly states the objectives of an audit- The objective of an audit of financial statements is to enable the auditor to express an opinion whether the financial statements are prepared, in all material respects, in accordance with an identified financial reporting framework. An audit conducted in accordance with BSAs is designed to provide reasonable assurance that the financial statements taken as a whole are free from material misstatement, whether caused by fraud or error. (Paragraph 2, BSA 200)Assessment Point-4: â€Å"Audit exists only because of legal bindings†. Sect ion 210 of the Company Act, 1994 describes- ‘Every company shall, at each annual general meeting appoint an auditor or auditors to hold office from the conclusion of that meeting until the next annual general meeting and shall within seven days of the appointment, give intimation thereof to every auditor so appointed: Provided that, no person can be appointed auditor of any company unless his written consent has been obtained prior to such appointment or re-appointment. ’ The section seeks for statutory audit that must be complied.A twenty four (24) years study of Wanda A. Wallace on â€Å"The economic role of the Audit in free regulated market: A look back A look forward†, revealed that beyond legal requirement, the audit is very much significant. She clarified her argument from three (3) points of view- i) Stewardship hypothesis or Agency theory ii) Information Hypothesis iii) Insurance Hypothesis. Still 77% of the companies audit their financial statements. So it is expected to audit financial statements beyond legal bindings. Assessment Point-5: ‘The auditor is responsible for soundness in internal control structure of the entity. â€Å"Internal control system† means all the policies and procedures (internal controls) adopted by the management of an entity to assist in achieving management’s objective of ensuring, as far as practicable, the orderly and efficient conduct of its business, including adherence to management policies, the safeguarding of asset , the prevention and detection of fraud and error ,the accuracy and completeness of the accounting records, and the timely preparation of reliable financial information (BSA 400). However, during the course of the audit, the auditor has to assess the entity’s internal control system in order to identify audit risk.Assessment Point-6: ‘The auditor is liable for maintaining accounting records. ’ It has been made clear that it is not the responsi bility of the auditor to prepare or to maintain the clients’ accounts. The audit report is also required to contain a paragraph specifying the responsibilities of the auditors-The report should include a statement that the financial statements are the responsibility of the entity’s management and a statement that the responsibility of the auditor is to express an opinion on the financial statements based on the audit (BSA700).Therefore, it affects the expectation gap as from naive point of view the statement seems accurate. Assessment Point-7: ‘The auditor is unbiased and objective. ’ Paragraph 1. 1 of the Code of Professional Ethics (2001) states – A professional accountant should be fair and should not allow prejudice or bias, conflict of interest or influence of others to override objectivity. Therefore, a society should reasonably expect the auditor to be unbiased objectivity. Assessment Point-8: ‘Auditor should provide absolute assurance about the material misstatement in financial statements. The primary objective of audit is to draw a conclusion on the fairness of the Financial Statements. The secondary objective is to detect errors and frauds. (BSA 200) The objective of an audit of financial statements is to enable the auditor to express an opinion as to whether the financial statements are prepared, in all material respects, in accordance with an applicable financial reporting framework. The form the audit conclusion takes is that auditors state whether the financial statement give a true and fair view. This is an expression of reasonable assurance. ICAB Manual) BSA 200, specifying the objectives of audit clearly mentions that the auditors only provide reasonable assurance and not absolute assurance regarding the absence of material misstatements. Assessment point 9: ‘The audit report provides assurance about the entity’s future performance. ’ When the auditors express an opinion, they only g uarantee the absence of material misstatements and the conformance with accepted accounting practices. However, this is not an assurance regarding the future or current performance of the entity.As stated in BSA 200 Although the auditor’s opinion enhances the credibility of the financial statements, the user cannot assume that the opinion is an assurance as to the future viability of the entity nor the efficiency or effectiveness with which management has conducted the affairs of the entity. Assessment point 10: ‘The auditor agrees with the accounting policies of the entity. ’ As auditors provide opinion regarding true and fair representation of financial statements and therefore issue four types of audit report-(i) Standard unqualified Audit Report (ii) unqualified Audit Report (iii)Adverse Audit Report and (iv) No Report.In first and second cases the auditors agree with the accounting policies of the entity. Assessment point-11: ‘What do you expect from a udit report? ’ Naive (general) investors expect:†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. Professional under level i and level ii expect :†¦. Findings of the study: Table-1: Responses of naive (general) investors. Assessment pointsReasonableness scoreMeanDeviation 1. An auditor is a watchdog, not a bloodhound. 7. 002. 724. 28 2. Auditor is responsible for audit failure, not for audit risk. 7. 004. 442. 56 3. Auditor is responsible for detecting all fraud. . 004. 122. 88 4. Auditing exists only because of legal binding. 7. 006. 030. 97 5. The auditor is responsible for soundness in internal control7. 005. 361. 64 6. The auditor is liable for maintaining accounting records. 7. 005. 571. 43 7. The auditor is unbiased and objective. 7. 005. 681. 32 8. Auditor should provide absolute assurance about the material misstatements in financial statements. 7. 005. 231. 77 9. The audit report provides assurance about the entity’s future performance. 7. 006. 800. 20 10.The auditor agrees with the accounting policies of the entity. 7. 004. 392. 61 The table shows significant difference in the assessment point no: 1, 2,3,10. It reveals that naive investors seek or do believe auditor makes way for their decisions, i ,e; the general investors rely much on the auditors’ decision not critically analyzing the opinion but from a naive point of view. Table 2: Responses of Students not completing any audit course. Assessment pointsReasonableness scoreMeanDeviation 1. An auditor is a watchdog not a bloodhound. 7. 004. 092. 91 2.Auditor is responsible for audit failure, not for audit risk. 7. 003. 193. 81 3. Auditor is responsible for detecting all fraud. 7. 004. 922. 08 4. Auditing exists only because of legal binding. 7. 003. 773. 33 5. The auditor is responsible for soundness in internal control7. 005. 661. 44 6. The auditor is liable for maintaining accounting records. 7. 006. 570. 43 7. The auditor is unbiased and objective. 7. 003. 923. 08 8. Auditor should provide absolute assurance about the material misstatements in financial statements. . 002. 414. 59 9. The audit report provides assurance about the entity’s future performance. 7. 004. 492. 51 10. The auditor agrees with the accounting policies of the entity. 7. 004. 042. 96 The table shows that statistically significant differences exist from the view point of students having no audit idea in terms of the assessment point no: 2,3,4,8. It indicates that they expect unreasonably from the auditors regarding their responsibilities of detecting and preventing all frauds and also auditors’ agreement with the entity’s accounting policies.Table 3: Responses of Students completing two (2) courses (Audits III). Assessment pointsReasonableness scoreMeanDeviation 1. An auditor is a watchdog not a bloodhound. 7. 005. 641. 36 2. Auditor is responsible for audit failure, not for audit risk. 7. 004. 982. 02 3. Auditor is responsible for detecting all fraud. 7. 003. 873. 13 4 . Auditing exists only because of legal binding. 7. 005. 111. 89 5. The auditor is responsible for soundness in internal control7. 004. 892. 11 6. The auditor is liable for maintaining accounting records. . 006. 010. 99 7. The auditor is unbiased and objective. 7. 004. 922. 08 8. Auditor should provide absolute assurance about the material misstatements in financial statements. 7. 004. 592. 41 9. The audit report provides assurance about the entity’s future performance. 7. 002. 594. 41 10. The auditor agrees with the accounting policies of the entity. 7. 005. 581. 42 Table 3 presents the study results out of students who completed two audit courses. Significant gap was found in the point that audit report provides prediction of future performances of any entity.Again in detecting and preventing all fraud of any entity. In respect of some of the six audit threats, the auditors’ objectivity and neutrality was questioned resulting in some expectation gap. Table 4: Respons es of Articled students either level I or level II. Assessment pointsReasonableness scoreMeanDeviation 1. An auditor is a watchdog not a bloodhound. 7. 006. 810. 19 2. Auditor is responsible for audit failure, not for audit risk. 7. 006. 800. 20 3. Auditor is responsible for detecting all fraud. 7. 002. 024. 98 4. Auditing exists only because of legal binding. . 005. 241. 76 5. The auditor is responsible for soundness in internal control7. 005. 911. 09 6. The auditor is liable for maintaining accounting records. 7. 000. 896. 11 7. The auditor is unbiased and objective. 7. 006. 870. 13 8. Auditor should provide absolute assurance about the material misstatements in financial statements. 7. 001. 315. 69 9. The audit report provides assurance about the entity’s future performance. 7. 004. 812. 19 10. The auditor agrees with the accounting policies of the entity. 7. 002. 114. 89The table shows the survey results from professional students who are from level I and level II of prof essional accountancy. Here the respondents were in line to set a expectation ceiling. Table -5: Showing the deviations between four respondent groups. Assessment pointsDeviation Table-1Deviation Table-2Deviation Table-3Deviation Table-4 1. An auditor is a watchdog not a bloodhound. 4. 282. 911. 360. 19 2. Auditor is responsible for audit failure, not for audit risk. 2. 563. 812. 020. 20 3. Auditor is responsible for detecting all fraud. 2. 882. 083. 134. 98 4. Auditing exists only because of legal binding. . 973. 331. 891. 76 5. The auditor is responsible for soundness in internal control1. 641. 442. 111. 09 6. The auditor is liable for maintaining accounting records. 1. 430. 430. 996. 11 7. The auditor is unbiased and objective. 1. 323. 082. 080. 13 8. Auditor should provide absolute assurance about the material misstatements in financial statements. 1. 774. 592. 415. 69 9. The audit report provides assurance about the entity’s future performance. 0. 202. 514. 412. 19 10. Th e auditor agrees with the accounting policies of the entity. 2. 612. 961. 424. 89We the group ‘CRYSTAL HEART’ conducted this study to address whether the perpetual audit expectation gap between the auditors and the users of financial statements is reasonable and how audit knowledge provided by Dept. of Accounting and Information Systems of University of Dhaka affected this gap. The study were mainly concentrated on identifying audit expectation gap in the areas of audit liability of the auditors, audit reliability from the viewpoint of naive (general) investors, students who have no audit knowledge or have taken at least two audit courses and professionals and materiality of audit report to them.The study revealed the presence of audit expectation gap in Bangladesh. In the area of auditors’ responsibilities the naive (general) investors putting the audit knowledge less students second in row expected much more i,e; unreasonably out of the auditors. The profession als’ responses indicated their responsibilities were defined in different standards. Another area of this study regarding audit reliability showed a wide gap from each of the four (4) respondent groups. As the auditors work on sampling base, and audit risk is subject to well-organized fraud from the past if the management.Also self-interest threat, review threats are still considerable, the gap in the sense of reliability comprised of a big portion. The other sector of the survey- audit report’s materiality revealed that the decision makers out of the society did not depend much on audit report i,e; the majority portion lacks analysis ability who constitute the expectation floor much away from the ceiling set by the audit assurance providers. Although almost significant portion of respondent considered audit report’s materiality contributing to widen the gap.We also found knowledge on auditing helps in some regard but not to the extent that professionals conside red. Conclusion: The study attempted on addressing audit expectation gap in Bangladesh. Further, it assessed whether and how much knowledge on the concerned field affects this gap. The students of University of Dhaka under Dept. of Accounting Information Systems and students under ICAB were proxied on behalf of the users, on the presumption that they are most knowledgeable among the society.The findings of the study reveals the existence of expectation gap, some how it is wider in some aspects and predict a much more gap in terms of the people of the society. It also indicated that so far the students go away from their courses they merge gradually with the general people that predict future expectation gap to be wider. So, future studies should concentrate on clarifying the riskiness of audit by identifying clear sectors of audit expectation gap.

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MGR #6 - Essay Example A prayer is a religious expression of thanks or a request for help addressed to God or an object. According to this MGR prayers are not only concerned off wellbeing of the one praying, but the will of God to be done according to his wishes. Prayers are a communication between a human being and God. It is through this communication that human have  faith that their wishes will be answered. People pray for different reasons which include blessings, healing, and guidance. My second takeaway is confession. Confessions are statements made by a group of people or a person acknowledging personal facts that the group or the person would ostensibly prefer to keep hidden. Confession is one way of repentance. The main thing that leads to confessions is when a person sin. A sin is anything that come  between  the right ways of God and a person. One of the major drives to confession is fear. It keeps us away from enjoying our freedom until we confess our sins. Another reason for confession is to seek forgiveness. A human can feel guilty after a sin and, as a result, we tend to look for forgiveness from God or other people by confessing our

HSBC Risk Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

HSBC Risk Management - Essay Example The problem is that profit, the measure of reward, requires, as a minimum, a pencil, the back of an envelope, and some degree of skill in arithmetic calculations. HSBC is the world's largest banking group operating on the global scale. HSBC is considered the 4th largest financial institution of the world with $2,348.98 billion of assets. Also, HSBC is the largest bank with market value of $180.81 billion and the most profitable bank with $19.13 billion2. For this financial group, risk management is crucial to forecast and predict possible market changes and economic fluctuations. Similar to HSBC, MNCs face financial problems and need risk management techniques to avoid profit loss and sustain market growth. For both types of corporations, the first principle of sound financial systems is to lend money only to those who do not need the money. This may sound contradictory to the intent of banking, but it is not. Banking is a business where the banker takes the savings of a number of individuals and lends the money to others. Those whose savings are being redirected to others as loans do not know, or care, that this is happening3. All they care about is the timely payment of interest and the right to withdraw money at one hundred cents on every dollar. Bankers are lenders not of personal or bank funds, but the funds of depositors. Bankers are, in effect, borrowers. HSBC Bankers borrow money from depositors and pay them interest. They take the money and lend it out to others at a higher rate of interest. What bankers expect from borrowers is what depositors expect from bankers. Depositors, borrowers, and bankers function in a system where repayment is in terms of one hundred cents for every dollar deposited or borrowed. Depositors expect one hundred cents on every dollar that bankers have borrowed from them4. For bankers to honor their obligations to depositors, bankers must expect one hundred cents returned on every dollar that they have lent to borrowers. From the bankers' perspective, a deposit is a liability on the books because they "owe" this to depositors at the time when depositors desire to withdraw money. A loan t o a borrower is an asset from the perspective of a banker because its interest represents income and its repayment represents cash flow into the bank. To maintain a balance between assets and liabilities, a dollar's worth of assets and a dollar's worth of liabilities must be in terms of one hundred cents on the dollar5. "What If" analysis is part of risk management for HSBC and MNCs. "What If" analysis consists of looking not only at the most likely, from which one derives a measure of reward, but also certain unlikely cases where the events of business life do not follow the most likely script. The measure of reward diminishes with respect to the measure of reward for the most likely case. At some point, the measure of reward becomes the measure of risk. A measure of risk is a low degree of reward that is insufficient either to meet expenses or to provide a minimum return on investment. Risk, in a business environment, can be looked upon as an unsatisfactory level of reward where t he wisdom of proceeding with the project must be questioned6. In viewing loan applications or proposals, bankers focus on the prospects of repayment. This is because loans are made when it is perceived that the borrower does not need the money. In other words, loans are made wh

Nutrition And Childrens Learning

Nutrition And Childrens Learning Abstract Does what our children eat affect their learning attainment and achievement? And if yes how serious is the effect? Those serious questions have been matters of concern among parents, educators, and health professionals. Prior studies provided evidences on the strong relationship between nutrition and education progress. This research paper is intended to highlight and consolidate the various factors that implicate learning. Also, it illustrates the negative effects of imbalanced diets on childrens health and academic future. This research suggests the serious relationship between prenatal mothers eating habits, breast feeding, anemia, mineral deficiencies, socioeconomic status, malnutrition and obesity from one side and the childrens learning outcomes in the other side. Numerous serious educational issues are addressed in this paper. Including, but not limited to, attention span problems, information processing impairment, information retention issues, cognitive growth complications, and working memory impairment conditions. Eating habits affect equally the childrens physical and mental growth. Therefore, introducing balanced meals to children, especially breakfast, is recommended to ensure healthy growth. Introduction Cognitive development, represented in thinking and learning abilities, is implicated notably by the interaction between nutrition, hereditary genes and the surrounding environment. All these components/factors combined implicate the cognitive growth of children. The role of nutrition in children physical and mental development starts during the early years of their life. Many studies have focused on the relationship between nutrition and childrens mental and physical health. Behavior also is implicated by the quality and quantity of nutrients the child receives. The role of health and nutrition in promoting child development and educational outcomes is increasingly being recognized(Bundy, 1997; Bundy Guyatt, 1996). Research findings tie the mothers nutrition during pregnancy to the childrens brain health and development after birth and during the first two years of life. The childrens cognitive development starts before birth. Furthermore, some researchers suggested that breast feeding augments healthy cognitive development and higher IQ levels. Breakfast is the most important meal especially for preschoolers. Any nutritional disorder, especially during the early stages of life, can lead to serious mental and cognitive issues. Malnutrition and obesity, both, disturb the mental and physical development of children equally. Proper nutrition has always been linked to progressive cognitive development. Malnutrition can results from administrating unbalanced meals or can be secondary to certain medical conditions. Malnutrition leads to deficiency in some essential minerals and other elements. Iron and zinc depots are always depleted by malnutrition. Therefore, malnourished children are always susceptible to recurrent infections which impede their school attendance and thus their learning progress. Moreover, it affects the childrens behavior and social interaction with others. If under-nutrition was evaluated as a negative health risk, overfeeding is viewed as health jeopardy as well. Overfeeding leads to obesity which interferes with the childrens various aspects of growth. Parents should promote healthy eating habits among their children to enhance their mental as well physical growth. Literature review The core of literature on child nutrition and its projecting implications on school performance are addressed in five major areas: (1) nutrition during pregnancy and its prenatal effects on fetuses (2) socioeconomic and medically-induced food insufficiency and malnutrition, (3) essential elements deficiency such as Iron and zinc, (4) effect of eating breakfast, and (5) obesity and its health and educational implications. Extensive research work suggested that chronic hunger, iron deficiency, and poor breakfast patterns are frequently interrelated (Taras, 2005, p 199). Pregnancy is a crucial phase of development. Improper nutrition during pregnancy affects the newborns more than their mothers. Imbalanced supply of certain nutrients during pregnancy leads to serious fetal developmental or congenital malformations. For instance insufficient dietary folic acid or B9 during pregnancy results in motor disabilities and cognitive impairment in offspring. Vitamin B9 is essential in the proper functioning of brain as well central and peripheral nervous systems. Lower levels of B9 have been connected to chronic depression and other mental disorders, as well as in birth defects that affect the neural tube cells (NutritionalSupplementsCenter.com, 2005). Those fore-mentioned serious health defects are found to forgo schooling and engaged in activities besides learning at schools. Moreover, interrupted sleep is one of symptoms of folic acid deficiency. Interrupted sleep is one of the major issues that negatively implicate childrens learning. Interrupted sleep lowers their attention, retention and concentration levels. Therefore, it can be concluded that lower levels of Folic acid insult the children learning process directly. Whether in the form of interrupted sleep issues or manifest itself as mental retardation and/or emotional instability. In the postnatal life, it was suggested that breast feeding is interrelated to IQ levels. Studies in this regard involved more than 3,000 breast-fed infants in New Zealand and England. This study revealed that breast feeding is responsible for increasing the average IQ with around 7 points. However, the same studies indicated that this IQ spurt can only take place under certain hereditary conditions. Breast-fed infants who carry special gene called FADS2 have great chances to have higher IQ than their counterparts who dont have it. Studies suggest that IQ scores are somehow correlated to school performance. Students with above average IQ typically do well in school especially in achievement tests. However, their scores might not be conclusively attributed to their intelligence. Certainly, intelligence does play a significant part in school achievement, but many other factors are also involved. Motivation, quality of education and family socioeconomic status; are all among the other factor involved in elevating the IQ. Conversely, some research studies pointed that for some reason some students dont perform well in the classroom although they have high IQ scores. Meanwhile, other students achieve at higher levels than it would anticipated from their IQ scores alone (J. E. Davidson, 2003; p. 155-156). Balanced healthy meals in the early childhood, especially in the first two years of life, are required to meet their accelerated mental and physical growth development. Therefore, it is their adult partner responsibility to provide them with a variety of nutritional diet array after the age of two. Nutritional meals should include whole grain, dairy products, protein, vegetables and fruit. Excessive intake of carbohydrates, salt and saturated fat should be avoided as possible. Whole grain is an important source of minerals and fibers. Mineral and fibers are essential for healthy growth and development. Healthy balanced diets help developing healthy strong children both physically and behaviorally. Nutritionally rich diets notably improve the childrens attitude. As children grow their share of healthy nutrition should proportionally increase to meet the growth spurt they experience. Their diet should include all the elements that support their physical growth. That includes plenty of Calcium for stronger bones and teeth as well vitamin C. raising healthy children in the early childhood guarantees successful learners in the adulthood. Sound body sound mind has proven to be true. Let alone balanced healthy meals help children establish positive relationships with their counterparts and peers; it affects their readiness to school. Poor nutrition may have knock-on effects for their educational achievement and attainment (Jukes, 2006. P14). Negative effects of malnutrition, for the most part, on brain development are manifested as cognitive impairments and/or emotional issues that last throughout their education time. Physically febrile students are subjected, more than others, to frequent sickness attacks. Therefore, they dont attend school regularly and miss more school days than average. Consequently, they miss, in total, long periods of learning. Socioeconomic status as well the general health condition can lead to malnutrition. Regarding the socioeconomic status, information provided by research about the extent of learning disabilities in low-income communities is still not enough. However, research evidence suggests that a significant number of children are affected (Jukes, 2006. P16). For example, studies have found prevalence of serious mental retardation ranging from 5 children per 1000 in Bangladesh, to 17 per 1,000 in Jamaica, 19 per 1,000 in Pakistan (Durkin, 2002). Worth noting, mental retardation is one of the serious developmental cognitive disorders that affect the early childhood. Children with mental retardation have lower to slim chances to enroll in the regular educational system. What seriously hinders their enrollment is their deteriorated mental health condition and/or the parents schooling decision. Socioeconomic status is not the only contributor to malnutrition. Some medical issues impair the absorption of certain essential elements such as Iron and Zinc. Whether Iron and/or zinc deficiencies were medically-induced or due to other etiologies, they lead to major chronic and sometimes fatal complications. Anemia is one of the most commonly wide spread malnutrition disorders. It affects mostly children and young adults. Studies on anemic children indicated that anemic children showed delayed responses than non-anemic Iron-replete children. The research findings reveled that children with iron deficiency respond after repeating orders or stimuli at least twice. However, there was no difference in the IQ level between anemic and non-anemic children. Iron deficiency anemic children were neither able to categorize information nor able to solve problems quickly. They displayed delay in their ability to solve problems than their iron-replete counterparts. All these complications were found to be attributed to iron deficiency. Iron constitutes major element in the CNS composition. Moreover, studies revealed that anemic children suffer from impaired vision. Impaired vision affects the learning process of visual learners. When iron was administrated into the anemic childrens regular meals they showed improvement in their academic performance, attitude and general health conditions. Zinc is an example of another essential element needed for children and adolescents healthy growth. Zinc is very essential for working memory. Research work disclosed that malnourished children suffer from severe information retention issues. Furthermore, they showed inability to focus their attention normally in any given task. Accordingly, they experienced severe learning impairment and performed poorly at school. Researchers concluded that zinc-related learning impairment was mainly due to their inferior attention span than normal children. Breakfast is not only the most important meal that feeds body with most energy but also it contributes to most nutrients adequacy. Breakfast consumers are more likely to have better overall diet quality and micronutrient and macronutrient and fiber intakes that more often align with current dietary recommendations (US dept. of Health, 2005). Studies revealed that breakfast skippers are more susceptible to obesity. Moreover, they are less likely to be engaged in any physical activities. Several studies support the benefits of breakfast intake. Research findings revealed that constant intake of breakfast meal enhances the childs cognitive functions; academic performance; academic achievement; school attendance rates; psychosocial condition; and mood. Breakfast consumption could impact cognitive performance by alleviating hunger the prevalence of which is well documented and has been associated with emotional, behavioral, and academic problems in children and adolescents (Rampersaud, G. ; Pereira M.; Girard, B.; Adams, j.; Metzl, J.; 2005). Studies revealed that socioeconomic status as well breakfast composition, are among the factors that interfere or augment the magnitude of academic performance. There is extensive proof that daily breakfast intake affect greatly the health condition of children and adolescents. Healthy breakfast should include variety of food groups. Studies indicated that breakfast skippers show low performance compare to others. Decreased attention and other memory related issues were also reported among breakfast skippers. Attention and retention impairment were also reported. Weight gain and its physiological and academic complications are among the health hazards associated with skipping breakfast. Overweight is another crucial factor which impacts the learning process equally to malnutrition. Researchers have studied the relative relationship between birth weight and weight gain during the first two years of life for learning outcomes. The study findings suggested strong relationship between learning expectations and weight gain. Abnormal weight gain increases the risk of failing at least one grade in school. Moreover, further studies indicated that child oversize causes impaired cognitive development and poor academic achievement. Researchers attributed poor academic achievement in obese children to the lack of self-confidence and motivation. Psychological burden associated with obesity is another main factor that implicates the overweight children academia. Conclusion Childrens performance in school is impacted by many etiological factors. Children are expected to perform well in school until some interfering factors disturb their progress. Prenatal nutrition can affect the childs adult life either positively or negatively. Improper nutrition during pregnancy can lead to both serious developmental and congenital defects. These defects are responsible for cognitive and physical growth delay or cessation in severe cases. Children with such defects are expected to perform very poorly in school. In the same time, they are not expected to achieve what they suppose to attain in their corresponding age time frame. Breast feeding was suggested to positively alter the childrens IQ levels. However, studies showed that it does affect it only if the favorable hereditary variable was present. FADS2 is the genetic variable that helps absorb fat in the mothers milk and provide the brain with all the fat needed for healthier growth. Thus, breastfeeding does elevate the childrens IQ by 7 points only in the presence of FADS2 gene. Socioeconomic status interferes with providing healthy comprehensive meals. Therefore, children from low socioeconomic classes are more susceptible to malnutrition disorders. Malnutrition and imbalanced meals can lead to behavioral disorders, memory impairment, delayed cognitive response and emotional disorders. Anemia can also develop as a secondary complication to certain health/medical issues. Whether Anemia was due to malnourishment or secondary to medical issues, it depreciates the academic performance and impairs the childrens progress in school. Moreover, it interferes with their ability to comprehend, process, and retain any introduced knowledge. Iron and zinc are major elements for healthy brain growth and properly functioning working memory. Children with zinc and iron deficiencies showed remarkably delayed responses to any given instruction, behavioral abnormalities and disturbed working memory. Furthermore, they suffered from sleeping disorders which aggravated their academic status. Visual disorders were reported among anemic children. Visual disorders negatively impact visual learners. Breakfast intake is the most important meal of the day, especially for children. Breakfast is important for the childrens daily performance and behavior at school. Studies revealed that breakfast skippers are more susceptible to obesity when they grow up. Skipping breakfast alters the glucose supply to the brain and put it into the energy saving mode. Consequently, this conservative mode disturbs the memory and the ability to stay focused. Overweight is another burden that traumatizes the childrens academic achievement. Due to the psychological inferiority which obese people experience, they suffer from lack of self-confidence. Low self-esteem, lack of motivation and inability to participate in various activities create unfavorable learning conditions. These conditions, by turn, hinder their academic progress and schooling outcomes. Abnormal weight gain increases the risk of failing at least one grade in school.

Essay --

Joe Reschke 8E #19 December 9, 2013 Research Paper There are about 3-4 million shipwrecks in the world. The shipwrecks are mostly spread in the Great Lakes and in the Oceans. Great Lakes Shipwreck Museum estimates that about 6,000 ships are wrecked on the bottom of the Great Lakes. The United Nations estimates about 3 million shipwrecks on the ocean floor. The great lakes, which can be seen from space, are the largest freshwater system in the world. The lakes are home to 3,500 species of plants and animals, 170 fish species, they contain 21% of the worlds freshwater, and they cover 95,160 square miles. They are home to about 6,000 shipwrecks. - Graph By: David Swayne of Great Lakes History.com This Graph represents the distribution of shipwrecks over various lakes. It show us that most shipwrecks that happen in lakes happen in the great lakes. The first ship (not including canoes) to ever travel on the Great Lakes, The Griffon, was shipwrecked. It was wrecked in a violent storm on Lake Huron. The ocean covers 70% of the Earth’s surface. The largest ocean on Earth is the Pacific Ocean. It covers around 30% of the Earth’s surface, and the Pacific Ocean contains around 25,000 different islands, many more than are found in Earth’s other oceans and, there are about 350 shark species in all of the oceans. Have you ever seen a shipwreck and wondered how it sunk or just wondered how ships sink in general? There are many reasons why boats sink. Ships are made to be on top of the water so when a wave brings water on top of the boat it will most likely cause it to sink. One of the most common ways for a boat to sink is when a boat finds itself in a massive storm and it gets engulfed with waves making water come on the b... ...while at Pearl Harbor. Her bow was severed and wrecked her command room. The main part of the ship and stern were still intact. The Shaw was temporarily repaired and returned to battle in The Battle of Santa Cruz Islands. The ship wrecked once again in January 1943. It ran aground near New Caledonia and this time returned for major repairs. After it was â€Å"Reschke 7† repaired again it was sent back to the warzone in October or 1943. It wasn’t done wrecking yet. In December 1943, The U.S.S. Shaw was hit with an air attack near Cape Gloucester. It once again had to go back for major repairs. Following those repairs The Shaw participated in the Invasion Of Guam. Subsequent to that in October 1944- 1945 it escorted pacific convoys to liberate Luzon and other parts of the Philippines. When the Pacific War ended the Shaw was scrapped. â€Å"Reschke 8†

How Should We Treat The Homeless? :: essays research papers

How Should We Treat the Homeless? I think that to treat all homeless people in one certain way would be hard for me to do because there are many reasons for a person to be homeless, and some of them should be treated differently from others. I feel that the runaways and drug addicts don't deserve as much as the unemployed and war veteran types. But I feel in my heart that all people with no homes, or lives for that matter, should get some sort of help to survive and get back on their feet so that they can become a pro-ductive member of society. Lars Eighner, a homeless man, wrote a book entitled "Travels with Lizbeth: Three Years on the Road and on the Streets" in which he describes in one chapter "the process of scavenging Dumsters for food and other necessities." Eighner states that even though he is homeless with not much money, he still eats and sometimes finds money from scavenging Dumpsters. This seems like a form of self-reliance for him. In his story, Eighner tells us what is safe to eat, how to tell if it is safe, and where to get the food. He states that a lot of people throw away perfectly good food, and when they do he finds it. Eighner says the food "can be evaluated with some confidence largely on the basis of appearance." In my opinion, I don't care if the food looks perfect, I wouldn't eat garbage unless I was dying from hunger. But eating is only one problem facing the homeless. Their second priority should be shelter. Where will they go if it is freezing or something? Many large cities have homeless shelters, but sometimes they get full and the last to arrive might not be allowed in due to overcrowding according to fire laws. I wish that they would let these people sleep on the floor or something rather than sleep outside and freeze to death. I think that if the government can't help these people get back on their feet, then they should build larger shelters to house all of them. They could even serve more food at the shelters